The coccidia of Galliformes

FAMILY: Phasianidae I (chickens - Gallus spp.)

1. Eimeria acervulina Tyzzer, 1929
   1. Synonym: Eimeria dissanaikei Fernando and Remmler, 1973
   2. Synonym: Eimeria lafayettei Fernando and Remmler, 1973
   3. Host: Gallus domesticus (Domestic chicken - type species)
   4. Oocysts: Ovoidal, 17.7-20.2 x 13.7-16.3 micrometers. Yakimoff and Rastegaieff (1931) give measurements of 19.5 x 16.3 (17.7-20.2 x 13.7-16.3), Johnson (1938) 18.0 x 13.8 (12.0-14.8 x 14.0-20.0), Edgar (1955) 18.3 x 14.6, Long (1967a) 17.4 x 13.2 (13.2-21.0 x 11.9-15.1), Utebaeva (1972) 20.1 x 15.4 (17.3-21.2 x 13.4-16.3), and McDougald et al. (1997) 18 x 14 micrometers.
   5. References: Edgar 1955; Fernando and Remmler 1973a; Fernando et al. (1987); Johnson 1938; Long 1967a, 1968; Long and Horton-Smith 1968; Long and Millard 1976; McDougald et al. 1997; Patterson 1933; Senaud et al. 1980; Tyzzer 1929; Utebaeva 1972
   6. Remarks: The coccidian described by Fernando and Remmler (1973) as Eimeria dissanaikei is morphologically indistinguishable from Eimeria tenella. In addition, Eimeria lafayettei is morphologically indistinguishable from Eimeria acervulia except that the authors gave sporocysts measurements of 11 x 15 (sic) micrometers. However, the line drawing appears to be drawn to scale and, if so, gives sporocyst measurements of about 11 x 5 micrometers suggesting a typographical error in the narrative. Lizcano Herrera and Romero Rodriguez (1972) reported Eimeria acervulina from Alectoris rufa (Red legged partridge) but this is most certainly a misidentification. Patternson (1933) was unable to infect quail with this coccidian.

2. Eimeria brunetti Levine, 1942
   1. Host: Gallus domesticus (Domestic chicken - type species)
   2. Oocysts: Ovoidal, 26.8 x 21.7 (20.7-30.3 x 18.1-24.2) micrometers. Edgar (1955) gave measurements of 24.8 x 18.8 micrometers.
   3. References: Edgar 1955; Fernando et al. (1987); Levine 1942

3. Eimeria hagani Levine, 1938
   1. Host: Gallus domesticus (Domestic chicken - type species)
   2. Oocysts: Ellipsodal to subspherical, 19.1 x 17.6 (15.8-20.9 x 14.3-19.5) micrometers. Edgar (1955) gave measurements of 18.1 x 16.5 micrometers.
   3. References: Edgar 1955; Levine 1938

4. Eimeria maxima Tyzzer, 1929
   1. Synonym: Eimeria dubeyi Pande, Bhatia, Chauhan, and Garg, 1970
   2. Synonym: Eimeria indentata Fernando and Remmler, 1973
   3. Synonym: Eimeria maxima var. indentata Long, 1974
   4. Synonym: Eimeria symmetrica Fernando and Remmler, 1973
   5. Synonym: Eimeria tyzzeri Yakimoff and Rastegaieff, 1931
   6. Synonym: Wenyonella gallinae Ray, 1945
   7. Host: Gallus domesticus (Domestic chicken - type species), Gallus gallus (Red junglefowl); Gallus lafayettei (Ceylon junglefowl)
   8. Oocysts: Ovoidal, 29.3 x 22.6 (21.5-42.5 x 16.5-29.8) micrometers. Yakimoff and Rastegaieff (1931) give measurements of 29.3 x 22.6 (25.5-42.5 x 16.5-29.8), Johnson (1938) 30.4 x 22.9 (26.4-36.0 x 20.0-27.6), and Edgar (1955) 30.5 x 20.7 micrometers.
   9. References: Ball et al. (1981); Edgar 1955; Elwasila 1984; Fernando and Remmler 1973a; Fernando et al. (1987); Johnson 1938; Long 1962, 1974; Long and Millard 1976; Mehlhorn 1972a, 1972b, 1972c; Pande et al. 1970; Patterson 1933; Ray 1945; Scholtyseck et al. 1972; Tyzzer 1929; Utebaeva 1972; Yakimoff and Rastegaieff 1931
   10. Remarks: It is likely that Ray (1945) confused refractile bodies with additional sporozoites and that the coccidian he actually saw was Eimeria maxima. Fernando and Remmler (1973a) listed several characteristics that were believed to separate Eimeria symmetrica from Eimeria maxima, but all of these can be accounted for by slight variations among oocysts of Eimeria maxima. The authors were in error when they claimed that the latter species does not have a substieda body. Long (1974) revealed Eimeria indentata to be Eimeria maxima (syn. Eimeria maxima var indentata). Patternson (1933) was unable to infect quail with this coccidian.

5. Eimeria mitis Tyzzer, 1929
   1. Synonym: Eimeria beachi Yakimoff and Rastegaieff, 1931
   2. Synonym: Tyzzeria galli Fernando and Remmler, 1973 (?)
   3. Host: Gallus domesticus (Domestic chicken - type species); perhaps Gallus lafayetti (Ceylon junglefowl)
   4. Oocysts: Spherical to subspherical, averaging 16.2 x 15.5 micrometers. Yakimoff and Rastegaieff (1931) give measurements of 16.2 x 15.2, Johnson (1938) 15.0 x 13.7 (13.0-18.0 x 12.0-16.0), Edgar (1955) 16.2 x 16.0, Utebaeva (1972) 16.4 x 15.5 (13.5-18.9 x 11.9-17.3), Mielke (1992) 16.1 x 13.6 (12.4-19.8 x 12.4-14.8), and McDougald et al. 1997 14.5 x 15.5 micrometers.
   5. References: Edgar 1955; Fernando and Remmler 1973; Fitz-Coy and Edgar 1983; Johnson 1938; Joyner and Norton 1983; McDougald et al. 1997; Mielke 1992; Misra 1944; Patterson 1933; Tyzzer 1929; Utebaeva 1972; Yakimoff and Rastegaieff 1931
   6. Remarks: The coccidian described and depicted by Fernando and Remmler (1973) in Gallus lafayettei and termed Tyzzeria galli appears to have sporulated improperly. It is likely that this is either Eimeria mitis or a pseudoparasite ingested by the bird. Attempts to infect Gallus domesticus failed. Patternson (1933) was unable to infect quail with this coccidian.

6. Eimeria mivati Edgar and Seibold, 1964
   1. Synonym: Eimeria acervulina var. mivati Long, 1973
   2. Synonym: Eimeria diminuta Fernando and Remmler, 1973
   3. Synonym: Eimeria vanmurghaui Pande, Bhatia, Chauhan, and Garg, 1970
   4. Host: Gallus domesticus (Domestic chicken - type species); Gallus lafayettei (Ceylon junglefowl)
   5. Oocysts: Ellipsoidal, 15.6 x 13.4 (10.7-20.0 x 10.1-15.3) micrometers. Long (1967a) gave measurements of 15.9 x 13.7 (12.5-19.7 x 11.9-15.8) and Fernando and Remmler (1973) 16.5 x 14.5 (16.0-17.5 x 13.5-15.5) micrometers for oocysts from the Ceylon junglefowl.
   6. References: Edgar and Seibold 1964; Fernando and Remmler, 1973b; Long 1967a, 1973, 1974; Long and Horton-Smith 1968; Pande et al. 1970; Shirley 1982; Wheat et al. 1976
   7. Remarks: For a number of years, there was a controversy whether Eimeria mivati was a valid species or whether the oocysts studied by Edgar and Seibold (1964) represented a mixed population of two or more species (Shirley 1982); for instance, Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria mitis. The problem ultimately lies with Dr. Edgar himself who, though freely sending oocysts to anyone who asked, had a policy of "mixing" species together and insuring that no "pure" strains of his coccidia left his laboratory. This, apparently, to stay ahead of the competition. Pellerdy (1974) felt that Eimeria vanmurghaui Pande, Bhatia, Chauhan, and Garg, 1970 might be Eimeria acervulina. However, the description most closely matches that of Eimeria mivati. Long (1974b) provided evidence to show Eimeria diminuta is probably Eimeria mivati (syn. Eimeria acervulina var. mivati).

7. Eimeria necatrix Johnson, 1930
   1. Host: Gallus domesticus (Domestic chicken - type species)
   2. Oocysts: Johnson (1930) provided no measurements of the oocysts. Tyzzer et al. (1932) gives measurements of 16.7 x 14.2 (13.2-22.7 x 11.3-18.3) and Utebaeva (1972) 17.0 x 14.8 (13.4-21.6 x 11.6-17.5) micrometers.
   3. References: Al-Attar and Fernando 1987; Johnson 1930, 1938; Tyzzer et al. 1932; Utebaeva 1972; Van Doorninck and Becker 1957; Yakimoff and Rastegaieff 1931
   4. Johnson (1930) named the species but only gave information on site of infection and some measurements for the asexual stages. Tyzzer et al. (1932) were the first to provide measurements.

8. Eimeria praecox Johnson, 1930
   1. Synonym: Eimeria praecox var. ceylonensis Long, Fernando, and Remmler, 1974
   2. Synonym: Eimeria sp. of Fernando and Remmler, 1973
   3. Host: Gallus domesticus (Domestic chicken - type species); Gallus lafayettei (Ceylon junglefowl)
   4. Oocysts: 23.8 x 20.6 (22.0-25.0 x 19.0-22.0) micrometers. Tyzzer et al. (1932) measured oocysts as 21.3 x 17.1 (19.8-24.7 x 15.7-19.8), Long (1967b) 20.4 x 17.4 (16.0-24.6 x 15.0-20.0), Utebaeva (1972) 22.8 x 18.9 (17.3-27.0 x 14.8-21.6) and Gore and Thomas (1982) 23 x 19.5 (20.9-25.6 x 16.3-20.9) micrometers. Long et al (1974) give measurements of oocysts from the Ceylon jungle fowl as 23.2 x 19.9 (20.3-25.7 x 18.9-21.6) micrometers.
   5. References: Gore and Long 1982; Johnson 1930, 1938; Fernando and Remmler 1973a; Fernando et al. (1987); Long 1967b, 1968, 1974; Long and Horton-Smith 1968; Long and Millard 1976; Long et al. 1974; Tyzzer et al. 1932; Utebaeva 1972

9. Eimeria tenella (Railliet and Lucet, 1891), Fantham 1909
   1. Synonym: Coccidium globosum Labbe, 1893
   2. Synonym: Coccidium tenellum Railliet and Lucet, 1891
   3. Synonym: Eimeria bracheti Gerard, 1913
   4. Synonym: Eimeria glosa (Labbe, 1893) Levine and Becker, 1933
   5. Synonym: Eimeria johnsoni Yakimoff and Rastegaieff, 1931
   6. Host: Gallus domesticus (Domestic chicken - type species)
   7. Oocysts: 21-25 x 17-19 micrometers. Gerard (1913) gives measurements of 23-24 x 18-19, Yakimoff and Rastegaieff (1931) 19.5-26.0 x 11.5-22.8, Tyzzer et al. 22.6 x 19.0 (19.6-26.1 x 16.3-22.8), Johnson (1938) 23.7 x 17.5 (20.0-25.0 x 15.0-19.4), Edgar (1955) 22 x 19, and Utebaeva (1972) 21.9 x 17.3 (16.8-29.7 x 13.5-21.6) micrometers
   8. References: Daszak et al. 1993; Edgar 1955; Gerard 1913; Johnson 1938; Karim et al. 1991; Patterson 1933; Railliet and Lucet 1891a, 1891b; Scholtyseck et al. 1969a, 1969b, 1972; Tyzzer et al. 1932; Utebaeva 1972; Vervelde et al. 1993; Yakimoff and Rastegaieff 1931; Yvore and Coudert 1972
   9. Remarks: Patterson (1933) was unable to establish infections in ducks, turkey, pheasants or quail whereas Zaprianov (1979) reported success in establishing infections in quail.

10. Isospora galliformica Musaev and Alyeva, 1963, nomen nudum
    1. Host: Gallus domesticus (Domestic chicken - type species)
    2. Oocysts: No information provided
    3. Reference: Musaev and Alyeva 1963
    4. Remarks: It is likely that this was an isosporan from a passeriform bird that was accidently ingested by the chicken.

11. Isospora gallinae Scholtyseck, 1954
    1. Host: Gallus domesticus (Domestic chicken - type species)
    2. Oocysts: The graphs provided indicate the oocysts to measure 24.1 x 19.1 (19.2-26.5 x 15.5-23.0) micrometers. Utebaeva (1972) provided measurements of 33.6 x 32.5 micrometers.
    3. References: Scholtyseck 1954; Utebaeva 1972
    4. Remarks: These are almost certainly isosporans from passeriform birds that were ingested by the chickens.

12. Isospora gallinarum Kornienko and Glebezdin, 1964 in Glebezdin, 1964
    1. Host: Gallus domesticus (Domestic chicken - type species)
    2. Oocysts: 29.2 x 26 (24-37 x 24-32) micrometers
    3. Reference: Glebezdin 1964
    4. Remarks: This is almost certainly an isosporan from a passeriform bird that was ingested by the chicken.

13. Isospora sp. of Shah and Joshi, 1965
    1. Host: Gallus domesticus (Domestic chicken - type species)
    2. Oocysts: 23.1 x 20.4 (16-33 x 15-31) micrometers
    3. Reference: Shah and Joshi 1965
    4. Remarks: This appears to be an isosporan pseudoparasite from a passeriform bird. The authors also examined the feces of Passer domesticus (House sparrow) in the vicinity of the poultry house and found morphologically similar oocysts.

FAMILY: Phasianidae II (francolin, partridge, pheasants)

1. Eimeria alectoreae Ray and Hiregaudar, 1959
   1. Host: Alectoris graeca (Rock partridge - type host)
   2. Oocysts: Oocysts were measured from two different birds. Oocysts from one bird averaged 23.6 x 15.6 micrometers. Oocysts from the second bird 26.2 x 17.4 micrometers.
   3. Reference: Ray and Hirgaudar 1959

2. Eimeria arabica Amoudi, 1988
   1. Host: Pavo cristatus (Common peafowl - type host)
   2. Oocysts: Spherical, 19.2 (17.5-21.5) micrometers
   3. Reference: Amoudi 1988

3. Eimeria bhutanensis Ray and Hiregaudar, 1959
   1. Host: Polyplectron bialcaratum bakeri (Himalayan grey peacock pheasant - type host)
   2. Oocysts: Spherical to subspherical, 15.5-16.8 x 14.6-16.6 micrometers
   3. Reference: Ray and Hirgaudar 1959

4. Eimeria caucasica Yakimoff and Buewitsch, 1932, nomen nudum
   1. Host: Alectoris chukar (syn. Alectoris graeca chukar) (Chukar - type host ?), Alectoris graeca (Rock partridge)
   2. Oocysts: Originally, 32.7 x 19.0 (25.2-36.0 x 14.4-21.6) micrometers. Svanbaev and Utebaeva (1973b) give measurements as 23.2-32.8 x 17.4-26.1 from the chukar. Davronov (1985) gives measurements of 27.8 x 20.4 (23.8-32.3 x 17.0-25.5) for oocysts from the Rock partridge and Dumanli and Ozer (1985) 25.9 x 20.4 (23.0-31.2 x 18.3-24.0) micrometers for oocysts also from the Rock partridge.
   3. References: Davronov 1985; Svanbaev 1979; Svanbaev and Utebaeva 1973b; Yakimoff and Buewitsch 1932
   4. Remarks: Yakimoff and Buewitsch (1932) failed to give anything other than a common name ("Berghuehnern" = Mountain chicken/fowl/hen) to the host and no bird is known under the common name listed. The manner in which the common name is written tends to exclude grouse, guinea fowl, partridge, peacock, peahen, pheasant, and quail. Yakimoff is known to have used the typical term "Huehner" in other articles he published in German dealing with coccidia in Gallus domesticus. Levine (1953) translated the name into Alectoris graeca whereas Cordero de Campillo and Pla Hernandez (1966) translated it (probably erroneously) into Tetrastes bonasia. However, a feral Gallus domesticus should not be excluded. Svanbaev (1979), Svanbaev and Utebaeva (1973b), and Davronov (1985) all found a morphologically identical parasite in Alectoris chukar. It is likely that the type host was either the chukar or the rock partridge. Pellerdy (1974) considers this coccidian a nomen nudum since he was unable to identify the host and we agree.

5. Eimeria colchici Norton, 1967
   1. Host: Phasianus colchicus (Ring-necked pheasant - type host)
   2. Oocysts: 27.4 x 16.7 (19-33.5 x 13-21) micrometers. Golemansky (1979, 1980) gave measurements of 25.5 x 16.5 (20.8-27.4 x 14.6-17.8) micrometers.
   3. References: Goldova et al. 1993; Golemansky 1979, 1980; Norton 1967b; Williams 1978

6. Eimeria dispersa (?) Tyzzer, 1929
   1. Hosts: Colinus virginianus (Bobwhite quail - type host), Meleagris gallopavo (Common turkey); perhaps Phasianus colchicus (Ring-necked pheasant); experimentally Perdix perdix (Common or grey partridge)
   2. Oocysts: Oocysts reported by Tyzzer (1929) in pheasants were 19.8 x 17.7 (15.3-22.8 x 13.9-19.7) micrometers. Oocysts from quail averaged 22.8 x 18.8 (17.2-26.4 x 15.4-22.4) micrometers. Hawkins (1952) gives measurements of 26.1 x 21.0 (21.8-31.1 x 17.7-23.9) for oocysts collected from turkeys.
   3. References: Doran 1978a, 1978b; Hawkins (1952); Hopkins et al. 1990; Long and Millard 1979; Madden and Ruff 1979; Millard and Lawn 1982; Moore and Brown (1952); Ruff et al. 1981, 1988; Tyzzer 1929
   4. Remarks: Tyzzer (1929) reported isolates from Colinus virginianus (Bobwhite quail) to be readily transmissible to turkeys but poorly or not at all to Gallus domesticus (Domestic chicken) depending on the experiment. Inoculated pheasants (Phasianus colchicus ?) also became infected; however, the author suggested that extraneous infections were being acquired. Not only were spurious infections noted in some birds, but measurements revealed that oocysts from the pheasants were smaller than those obtained from quail. Moore and Brown (1952) were able to successfully transmit a turkey isolate of Eimeria dispersa to Colinus virginianus (Bobwhite quail) and Hawkins (1952) was able to transmit a turkey isolate to both Perdix perdix (Common or grey partridge) and Colinus virginianus (Bobwhite quail). However, no infections were established in the pheasant (Phasianus colchicus ?) or Gallus domesticus (Domestic chicken). More recently, Doran (1978b) collected oocysts from turkeys and successfully passaged them in domestic chickens, Alectoris chukar (Chukar), Ring-necked pheasant, and Bobwhite quail. However, few oocysts were shed by the chickens and pheasants suggesting that these are not normal hosts for this parasite. Oocysts from partridge and quail were slightly larger than those collected from chickens and pheasant. Long and Millard (1979) attempted to infect domestic chickens, Guinea fowl (Numida meleagris ?), and Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ?) but was unsuccessful. Collectively, these results suggest that the reports of Eimeria dispersa in pheasants may either represent misidentifications, or pheasant adapted strains from housing the birds in close proximity to quail and turkey.

7. Eimeria duodenalis Norton, 1967
   1. Host: Phasianus colchicus (Ring-necked pheasant - type host)
   2. Oocysts: 21.2 x 18.6 (18.0-24.0 x 15.4-21.4) micrometers. Arnastauskiene (1970) reported oocysts as 16.4-19.6 x 13.6-18.3, Wacha (1973) 20.3 x 18.1 (18.4-21.8 x 16.3-19.7), Svanbaev and Utebaeva (1973) 20.7 x 18.7 (19.2-23.0 x 17.6-20.0), and Golemansky (1979, 1980) 19.7 x 18.4 (16.5-22.9 x 15.3-21.6) micrometers.
   3. References: Arnastauskiene 1970; Arnastauskiene et al. 1970; Fisher and Wacha 1976; Goldova et al. 1993; Golemansky 1979, 1980; Norton 1967a; Wacha 1973; Williams 1978
   4. Remarks: Norton (1967a) only gave the genus of pheasant but stated later (1967b) that the host was the ring-necked pheasant. He was unsuccessful in transmitting the coccidian to Coturnix japonica (Japanese quail), Gallus domesticus (Domestic chicken), or Meleagris gallopavo (Common turkey).

8. Eimeria francolini Swarup and Chauhan, 1976
   1. Host: Francolinus francolinus (Black francolin - type host)
   2. Oocysts: 19.7 x 17.5 (18.6-20 x 16-18.6) micrometers.
   3. Reference: Swarup and Chauhan 1976

9. Eimeria gennacuscus Ray and Hiregaudar, 1959
   1. Host: Lophurua lophura lathami (syn. Gennaecus horsfieldi) (Horsfield's or black-crested Kalis)
   2. Oocysts: 21.2 x 18.3 micrometers
   3. Reference: Ray and Hirgaudar 1959

10. Eimeria gonzalezcastroi Lizcano Herrera and Romero-Rodriguez, 1975
    1. non Eimeria gonzalezi Bazalar and Guerrero, 1970
    2. Synonym: Eimeria gonzalezi Lizcano Herrera and Romero-Rodriguez, 1972, nomen preocc.
    3. Host: Alectoris rufa (Red-legged partridge - type host)
    4. Oocysts: 23.5 x 16.1 (22.8-24.7 x 15.2-17.1) micrometers
    5. References: Lizcano Herrera and Romero-Rodriguez 1972, 1975

11. Eimeria karatauica Svanbaev and Utebaeva, 1973
    1. Hosts: Alectoris chukar (Chukar - type host); Alectoris graeca (Rock partridge)
    2. Oocysts: 24.6-31.9 x 20.6-22.0 micrometers. Davronov (1985) gives measurements of 28.0 x 23.1 (25.5-30.6 x 20.4-25.5) micrometers for oocysts from the Rock partridge.
    3. References: Davronov 1985; Svanbaev and Utebaeva 1973

12. Eimeria kofoidi Yakimoff and Matikaschwili, 1936
    1. Hosts: Alectoris chukar (syn. Caccabis chukar) (Chukar - type host?); Alectoris graeca (Rock partridge); Alectoris rufa (Red-legged partridge), Perdix perdix (?) (Common or gray partridge)
    2. Oocysts: Spherical to broadly ellipsoidal, 20 x 17.6 (16-25 x 14-20) micrometers. Lizcano Herrera and Romero-Rodriguez (1972) reported oocysts in Alectoris rufa to measure 19 x 13.3 (13.6-20.9 x 7.6-15.2), Hernandez Rodriguez et al. (1974) in the same host 17.2 x 14.0, and Dumanli and Ozer (1985) measured oocysts also from the same host as 21.7 x 18.4 (19.7-24.0 x 16.9-19.7) micrometers.
    3. References: Dumanli and Ozer 1985; Hernandez Rodriguez et al. 1974; Lizcano Herrera and Romero-Rodriguez 1972; Yakimoff and Matikaschwili 1936; Zaprianov 1979
    4. Remarks: Yakimoff and Matikaschwili (1936) described this species of coccidian from feces collected from a cage housing both Alectoris chukar (syn. Caccabis chukar) (Chukar) and Perdix perdix (Common or gray partridge). Thus, it is impossible to distinguish which host was infected or whether the parasite is capable of infecting both hosts. Zaprianov (1979) reported this coccidian from Alectoris graeca and was unable to establish infections when experimentally inoculated into Gallus domesticus (Domestic chicken). Dumanli and Ozer (1985) provided measurements which are in good agreement with those of Yakimoff and Matikaschwili (1936) suggesting that the chukar may have been the original type host. The measurements by both Lizcano Herrera and Romero-Rodriguez (1972) and Hernandez Rodriguez et al. (1974) suggest a different species may have been observed by these investigators. The latter authors were unsuccessful in their attempts to infect Gallus domesticus (Domestic chicken).

13. Eimeria langeroni Yakimoff and Matschoulsky, 1937
    1. Host: Phasianus colchicus (Ring-necked pheasant - type host)
    2. Oocysts: 32.5 x 18.4 (30.0-36.0 x 16.0-20.0) micrometers.
    3. References: Yakimoff and Matschoulsky 1937, 1940

14. Eimeria legionensis Cordero de Campillo and Pla Hernandez, 1966
    1. Host: Alectoris rufa (Red-legged partridge - type host)
    2. Oocysts: 21.3 x 14.6 (18-24 x 12-16) micrometers. Hernandez Rodriguez et al. (1974) gave measurements of oocysts that averaged 18.5 x 14.2 micrometers.
    3. References: Cordero de Campillo and Pla Hernandez 1966; Hernandez Rodriguez et al. 1974
    4. Remarks: Hernandez Rodriguez et al. (1974) were unsuccessful in their attempts to infect Gallus domesticus (Domestic chicken).

15. Eimeria lophurae Chauhan, Paliwal, and Swarup, 1976
    1. Host: Lophura leucomelana (Kalij pheasant)
    2. Oocysts: 21.8 x 16.1 (20-24 x 14.6-17.3) micrometers
    3. Reference: Chauhan et al. 1976

16. Eimeria mandali Banik and Ray, 1964
    1. non Eimeria mandali Mukherjea, 1965
    2. Host: Pavo cristatus (Common peafowl)
    3. Oocysts: 17.7 x 16.6 (14-20 x 14-18) micrometers
    4. Reference: Banik and Ray 1964
    5. Remarks: Banik and Ray (1964) were unable to transmit infections to Gallus domesticus (Domestic chicken).

17. Eimeria mayurai Bhatia and Pande, 1966
    1. Host: Pavo cristatus (Common peafowl)
    2. Oocysts: 23 x 14 (23-27 x 13-16) micrometers. Muraleedharan et al. (1988) measured oocysts as 19 x 14 (16-22 x 13-17) micrometers.
    3. Reference: Bhatia and Pande 1966, 1968; Muraleedharan et al. 1988
    4. Remarks: Although somewhat smaller, Muraleedharan et al. (1988) could find no differences other than a slight difference in size to suggest that their coccidian was not Eimeria mayurai.

18. Eimeria megalostomata Ormsbee, 1939
    1. Host: Phasianus colchicus (Ring-necked pheasant - type host)
    2. Oocysts: 24 x 19 (21-29 x 16-22) micrometers. Svanbaev and Utebaeva (1973) reported oocysts as 24.9 x 18.4 (20.9-29.0 x 15.4-19.4) and Golemansky (1979, 1980) as 21-27.5 x 16.2-20.5 micrometers.
    3. References: Golemansky 1979, 1980; Ormsbee 1939; Svanbaev and Utebaeva 1973

19. Eimeria pacifica Ormsbee, 1939
    1. Synonym: Eimeria capacifi Golemansky, 1979, lapsus
    2. Host: Phasianus colchicus (Ring-necked pheasant - type host)
    3. Oocysts: 22 x 18 (17-26 x 14-20) micrometers. Arnastauskiene (1970) reported oocysts as 23.9-27.7 x 17.0-19.2, Wacha (1973) 21.1 x 17.5 (19.0-23.1 x 15.6-19.0), Svanbaev and Utebaeva (1973) 21.6 x 16.7 (18.9-25.9 x 14.2-18.6), and Golemansky (1979, 1980) 25 x 17.3 (24-26 x 16.5-18.0) micrometers.
    4. References: Arnastauskiene 1970; Arnastauskiene et al. 1970; Fisher and Wacha 1976; Golemansky 1979, 1980; Ormsbee 1939; Svanbaev and Utebaeva 1973; Wacha 1973

20. Eimeria padulensis Romero Rodriguez and Lizcano Herrera, 1974
    1. Host: Alectoris rufa (Red-legged partridge - type host)
    2. Oocysts: 25 x 16.4 (20.9-30 x 15.2-19) micrometers
    3. References: Romero Rodriguez and Lizcano Herrera 1974

21. Eimeria patnaiki Ray, 1966
    1. non Eimeria pavonis Mandal, 1965
    2. Synonym: Eimeria indica Patnaik, 1966
    3. Synonym: Eimeria pavonis Patnaik, 1965, nomen preocc.
    4. Host: Pavo cristatus (Common peafowl - type host)
    5. Oocysts: Spherical or subspherical, 18.5 x 15.5 (17-19 x 13-17) micrometers.
    6. References: Patnaik 1965, 1966; Ray 1966

22. Eimeria pavonina Banik and Ray, 1961
    1. Host: Pavo cristatus (Common peafowl - type host)
    2. Oocysts: 20-28 x 16-20 micrometers
    3. Reference: Banik and Ray 1961
    4. Remarks: Banik and Ray (1961) were unsuccessful in their attempts to infect Gallus domesticus (Domestic chicken) with this coccidian.

23. Eimeria pavonis Mandal, 1965
    1. Synonym: Eimeria cristata Patnaik, 1965
    2. Synonym: Eimeria sp. of Allmacher, 1968
    3. Host: Pavo cristatus (Common peafowl - type host)
    4. Oocysts: 19.8-25.4 x 17.6 micrometers.
    5. References: Allmacher 1968; Hillgarth et al. 1989; Mandal 1965; Patnaik 1965a, 1966

24. Eimeria phasiani Tyzzer, 1929
    1. Host: Phasianus colchicus (Ring-necked pheasant - type host)
    2. Oocysts: Oocysts averaged 23 x 15.9 micrometers. Ormsbee (1939) gave measurements as 25 x 17 (21-27 x 15-19), Haase (1939) 23.2 x 16.2, Arnastauskiene (1970) as 19.2-30.0 x 14.9-21.7, Trigg (1967a) as 24.7 x 17.1 (20.1-30.9 x 13.4-20.5), Svanbaev and Utebaeva (1973) 30.0 x 17.6 (23.8-32.4 x 16.2-18.9), and Golemansky (1979, 1980) 25.1 x 16.8 (22.0-29.0 x 14.0-19.5) micrometers.
    3. References: Arnastauskiene 1970; Arnastauskiene et al. 1970; Fisher and Wacha 1976; Golemansky 1979, 1980; Greiner 1972; Haase 1939; Ormsbee 1939; Patterson 1933; Svanbaev and Utebaeva 1973; Trigg 1965a, 1965b, 1967a, 1967b; Tyzzer 1929; Williams 1978; Yakimoff and Matschoulsky 1939
    4. Remarks: Lizcano Herrera and Romero-Rodriguez (1972) reported oocysts of Eimeria phasiani from Alectoris rufa (Red-legged partridge) in Spain. Oocysts averaged 24.8 x 17.6 micrometers. However, it is likely that this is a misidentification. Patterson (1933) was unsuccessful in his attempts to infect Gallus domesticus (Domestic chicken) with this coccidian.

25. Eimeria picta Bhatia, 1968
    1. Hosts: Chrysolophus amherstidae (Lady Amherst's pheasant), Chrysolophus pictus (Golden pheasant - type host), Lophura nycthemera (Silver pheasant)
    2. Oocysts: Ovoidal, 18.9 x 15.3 (16-21 x 13-17) micrometers. Pande et al. (1970) reported oocysts from the golden pheasant to measure 20 x 17 (19-24 x 14-21) micrometers.
    3. References: Bhatia 1968; Pande et al. 1970

26. Eimeria procera (?) Haase, 1939
    1. Host: Alectoris rufa (Red-legged partridge), Pedix perdix (Common or grey partridge); Tetrao urogallus (Capercaillie - Tetraonidae - type host)
    2. Oocysts: Oocysts from the Partridge measured 28.8-30.7 x 16.4-17.0 micrometers. Oocysts from the Capercaillie 28.8-31.2 x 16.4-17.2 micrometers. Lizcano Herrera and Romero-Rodriguez (1972) reported oocysts from Alectoris rufa (Red-legged partridge) as 25.1 x 14,9 (22.8-30 x 11.5-17.1) micrometers.
    3. References: Bejsovec 1972; Goldova et al. 1996, 2000; Haase 1939; Lizcano Herrera and Romero-Rodriguez 1972
    4. Remarks: Haase (1939) originally described Eimeria procera from both Tetrao urogallus (Capercaillie - type host) and Perdix perdix, and Lizcano Herrera and Romero-Rodriguez (1972) later reported oocysts from Alectoris rufa (Red-legged partridge). It is possible that two or more different species of coccidia are involved. Pellerdy (1974) designed Perdix perdix as the type host, but this is incorrect as the description from the Capercaillie preceeds that from the Partridge.

27. Eimeria pternistis Agostinucci and Bronzini, 1956
    1. Host: Francolinus leucoscepus (syn. Pternistis leucoscepus) (Yellow-necked spurfowl - type host)
    2. Oocysts: Oocysts averaged 18.6 x 14.5 micrometers.
    3. Reference: Agostinucci and Bronzini 1956

28. Eimeria ridjakovi Golemansky, 1976
    1. Host: Perdix perdix (Common or gray partridge - type host)
    2. Oocysts: 27.3 x 18.4 (24.1-30.5 x 16.5-20.3) micrometers.
    3. Reference: Golemansky 1976

29. Eimeria riyadhae Amoudi, 1988
    1. Host: Pavo cristatus (Common peafowl - type host)
    2. Oocysts: 28.2 x 22.4 (27-30.5 x 20.5-25) micrometers
    3. Reference: Amoudi 1988

30. Eimeria sp. of Adene and Akande, 1978
    1. Synonym: Eimeria necatrix-like coccidian of Adene and Akande, 1978
    2. Host: Francolinus bicalcaratus (Double-spurred francolin)
    3. Oocysts: No information provided.
    4. Reference: Adene and Akande 1978

31. Eimeria sp. of Davies, Joyner, and Kendall, 1963
    1. Host: Phasianus colchicus (Ring-necked pheasant - type host)
    2. Oocysts: 28.9 x 18.6 micrometers
    3. Reference: Davies et al. 1963

32. Eimeria sp. of Hernandez Rodriguez, Martinez Gomez, and Calero Caretero, 1974
    1. Host: Alectoris rufa (Red-legged partridge)
    2. Oocysts: 27.9 x 22.1 micrometers
    3. Reference: Hernandez Rodriguez et al. 1974
    4. Remarks: Hernandez Rodriguez et al. (1974) were unsuccessful in their attempts to infect Gallus domesticus (Domestic chicken).

33. Eimeria sp. type A of Hilgarth, Norton, Peirce, and Cox, 1989
    1. Host: Pavo muticus (Green peafowl)
    2. Oocysts: Subspherical, 16.7 x 14.3 (15.1-17.7 x 13.9-14.5) micrometers
    3. Reference: Hilgarth et al. 1989
    4. Remarks: These oocysts were reported to be similar to Eimeria pavonis Mandal, 1960.

34. Eimeria sp. type B of Hilgarth, Norton, Peirce, and Cox, 1989
    1. Host: Pavo muticus (Green peafowl)
    2. Oocysts: Ellipsoidal, 22.9 x 18.7 (22.1-23.2 x 16.5-19.6) micrometers
    3. Reference: Hilgarth et al. 1989

35. Eimeria sp. type C of Hilgarth, Norton, Peirce, and Cox, 1989
    1. Host: Pavo muticus (Green peafowl)
    2. Oocysts: Ovoidal, 26.8 x 19.0 (26.5-27.1 x 19.0) micrometers
    3. Reference: Hilgarth et al. 1989

36. Eimeria sp. (?) type D of Hilgarth, Norton, Peirce, and Cox, 1989
    1. Host: Pavo muticus (Green peafowl)
    2. Oocysts: Ovoid; no measurements provided
    3. Reference: Hilgarth et al. 1989
    4. Remarks: These oocysts failed to sporulate

37. Eimeria sp. of Mukherjea, 1965
    1. Synonym: Eimeria mandali Mukherjea, 1965, nomen preocc.
    2. Host: Pavo cristatus (?) (Common peafowl)
    3. Oocysts: Spherical, 14-20 micrometers in diameter
    4. Reference: Mukherjea 1965
    5. Remarks: The host was reported only as an "Indian peacock."

38. Eimeria sp. type IV of Ormsbee, 1939
    1. Host: Phasianus colchicus (Ring-necked pheasant)
    2. Oocysts: 18 x 15 micrometers
    3. Reference: Ormsbee 1939

39. Eimeria sp. of Pande, Bhatia, Chauhan, and Garg, 1970
    non Eimeria adenoeides Moore and Brown, 1951
    1. Host: Chrysolophus amherstidae (Lady Amherst's pheasant)
    2. Oocysts: Pande et al. (1970) reported oocysts to measure 23.6 x 18.0 (22-27 x 17-20) micrometers.
    3. References: Pande et al. 1970

40. Eimeria sp. of Pande, Bhatia, Chauhan, and Garg, 1970
    non Eimeria teetari Bhatia, Pandey, and Pande, 1966
    1. Host: Alectoris chukar (Chukar)
    2. Oocysts: Pande et al. (1970) reported oocysts to measure 26.1 x 20.3 (24-31 x 14-24) micrometers.
    3. References: Pande et al. 1970
    4. Remarks: Several morphological differences suggest that the coccidian seen by Pande et al. (1970) is not Eimeria teetari.

41. Eimeria sp. of Romero Rodriguez and Lizcano Herrera, 1974
    1. non Eimeria procera Haase, 1939
    2. Host: Alectoris rufa (Red-legged partridge)
    3. Oocysts: No information provided.
    4. References: Romero Rodriguez and Lizcano Herrera 1974

42. Eimeria teetari Bhatia, Pandey, and Pande, 1966
    1. Host: Francolinus pondicerianus (Gray francolin - type host), Francolinus francolinus (Black francolin)
    2. Oocysts: Oocysts from the gray francolin measured 24.0 x 20.0 (21.0-29.0 x 19.0-23.0). Oocysts from the black francolin were 23.0 x 19.0 (20.8-28.0 x 18.0-21.0) micrometers.
    3. References: Bhatia et al. 1966; Pande et al. 1970
    4. Remarks: Pande et al. (1970) reported this parasite from Alectoris chukar (chukar) but several morphological differences suggest that it may not be Eimeria teetari.

43. Eimeria tetartooimia Wacha, 1973
    1. Host: Phasianus colchicus (Ring-necked pheasant - type host)
    2. Oocysts: 18.6 x 16.5 (17.0-20.4 x 15.0-18.4) micrometers.
    3. References: Fisher and Wacha 1976; Wacha 1973

44. Isospora griseogularisi Davronov, 1985
    1. Host: Alectoris graeca (Rock partridge - type host)
    2. Oocysts: 22.1 x 18.9 (17.4-27.2 x 13.6-23.8) micrometers.
    3. Reference: Davronov 1985
    4. Remarks: This is likely an ingested isosporan pseudoparasite deried from a passeriform bird.

45. Isospora koreani Bhatia, Chauhan, Arora, and Agrawal, 1972
    1. Host: Phasianus colchicus (Ring-necked pheasant - type host)
    2. Oocysts: Subspherical, 22.4 x 19.2 (20-24 x 16.9-20) micrometers.
    3. References: Bhatia et al. 1972
    4. Remarks: This is likely an ingested isosporan pseudoparasite deried from a passeriform bird.

46. Isospora mayuri Patnaik, 1966
    1. non Isospora pellerdyi Dubey and Pande 1963
    2. Synonym: Isospora pellerdyi Patnaik, 1965, nomen preocc.
    3. Host: Pavo cristatus (Common peafowl - type host)
    4. Oocysts: Spherical or subspherical, 23.3 x 21.3 (20-27 x 18-24) micrometers. Oocysts measured by Pande et al. (1970) were 20.8 x 18 (19-22 x 17-19) micrometers.
    5. References: Pande et al. 1970; Patnaik 1965b, 1966
    6. Remarks: It is likely that these represent ingested isosporan pseudoparasites deried from passeriform birds.

47. Isospora sp. of Allmacher, 1968
    1. Host: Pavo cristatus (Common peafowl)
    2. Oocysts: Average 21.5 x 20.3 micrometers.
    3. Reference: Allmacher 1968
    4. Remarks: This appears to be an ingested isosporan pseudoparasite derived from a passeriform bird.

48. Isospora sp. of Fisher and Wacha, 1976
    1. Host: Phasianus colchicus (Ring-necked pheasant)
    2. Oocysts: 23.4 x 21.6 (21.0-26.4 x 20.0-26.0) micrometers.
    3. Reference: Fisher and Wacha 1976
    4. Remarks: This appears to be an ingested isosporan pseudoparasite derived from a passeriform bird.

FAMILY: Phasianidae III (quail)

1. Eimeria bateri Bhatia, Pandey, and Pande, 1965
   1. Host: Coturnix coturnix (European quail - type host), Coturnix japonica (Japanese quail)
   2. Oocysts: Shah and Johnson (1971) measured oocysts as 20.5 x 15.3 (14-28 x 12-19) and Svanbaev and Utebaeva (1973) 23.1 x 16.3 (19.6-28.0 x 14.6-18.3) micrometers.
   3. References: Bhatia et al. 1965; Navarrete et al. 1982; Norton and Peirce 1971; Rao and Sharma 1992; Rodriguez et al. 1984; Shah and Johnson 1971; Svanbaev and Utebaeva 1973; Zuo et al. 1986
   4. Remarks: Shah and Johnson (1971) were unsuccessful in transmitting the coccidian to Gallus domesticus (Domestic chicken).

2. Eimeria colini Fisher and Kelley, 1977
   1. Host: Colinus virginianus (Bobwhite quail - type host)
   2. Oocysts: 24.8 x 20.9 (22.4-28.0 x 17.9-22.4) micrometers
   3. References: Fisher and Kelley 1977

3. Eimeria coturnicis Chakravarty and Kar, 1946
   1. Host: Coturnix coturnix (European quail - type host)
   2. Oocysts: 26.4-38.8 x 19.8-26.4 micrometers. Svanbaev and Utebaeva (1973) gave measurements of 29.5 x 21.8 (26.1-34.8 x 19.6-24.6) micrometers.
   3. References: Chakravarty and Kar 1946; Lizcano Herrera and Romero-Rodriguez 1972; Svanbaev and Utebaeva 1973
   4. Remarks: Lizcano Herrera and Romero-Rodriguez (1972) reported oocysts of Eimeria coturnicis from Alectoris rufa (Red-legged partridge) in Spain. Oocysts measured 28.5 x 21.4 (24.7-36.6 x 19-27.6) micrometers. However, it is likely that this is a misidentification.

4. Eimeria crusti Duzynski and Gutierrez, 1981
   1. Host: Oreortyx pictus (Mountain quail - type host)
   2. Oocysts: 26.0 x 21.2 (24-28 x 20-23) micrometers
   3. References: Dyszynski and Gutierrez 1981

5. Eimeria dispersa Tyzzer, 1929
   1. Hosts: Colinus virginianus (Bobwhite quail - type host), Meleagris gallopavo (Common turkey); perhaps Phasianus colchicus (Ring-necked pheasant); experimentally Perdix perdix (Common or grey partridge)
   2. Oocysts: Broadly ovoidal. Oocysts measured from quail by Tyzzer (1929) averaged 22.8 x 18.8 (17.2-26.4 x 15.4-22.4) micrometers. Oocysts from quail averaged 22.8 x 18.8 (17.2-26.4 x 15.4-22.4) micrometers. Hawkins (1952) gives measurements of 26.1 x 21.0 (21.8-31.1 x 17.7-23.9) micrometers for oocysts collected from turkeys.
   3. References: Doran 1978a, 1978b; Hawkins (1952); Hopkins et al. 1990; Long and Millard 1979; Madden and Ruff 1979; Millard and Lawn 1982; Moore and Brown (1952); Ruff et al. 1981, 1988; Tyzzer 1929
   4. Remarks: Tyzzer (1929) reported isolates from Colinus virginianus (Bobwhite quail) to be readily transmissible to turkeys but poorly or not at all to Gallus domesticus (Domestic chicken) depending on the experiment. Inoculated pheasants (Phasianus colchicus ?) also became infected; however, the author suggested that extraneous infections were being acquired. Not only were spurious infections noted in some birds, but measurements revealed that oocysts from the pheasants were smaller than those obtained from quail. Patterson (1933) was unsuccessful in his attempts to infect Gallus domesticus (domestic chicken) with an isolate obtained from "quail," Moore and Brown (1952) were able to successfully transmit a turkey isolate of Eimeria dispersa to Colinus virginianus (Bobwhite quail) and Hawkins (1952) was able to transmit a turkey isolate to both Perdix perdix (Common or grey partridge) and Colinus virginianus (Bobwhite quail). However, no infections were established in the pheasant (Phasianus colchicus ?) or Gallus domesticus (Domestic chicken). More recently, better controlled studies have been published by Doran (1978b) and Long and Millard (1979). Doran (1978b) collected oocysts from turkeys and successfully passaged them in domestic chickens, Alectoris chukar (Chukar), Ring-necked pheasant, and Bobwhite quail. However, very low numbers of oocysts were shed by the chickens and pheasants suggesting that these are not normal hosts for this parasite. Oocysts from partridge and quail were slightly larger than those collected from chickens and pheasant. Long and Millard (1979) attempted to infect domestic chickens, Guinea fowl (Numida meleagris ?), and Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ?) with unsuccessful results. Collectively, these results suggest that the reports of Eimeria dispersa in Phasianus colchicus (Ring-necked pheasant), Bonasa bonasia (syn. Tetrastes bonasia) (Hazel grouse), and Tympanuchus phasianellus (syn. Pediocetes phasianus campestris) (Sharp-tailed grouse) may represent misidentifications of morphologically similar coccidia.

6. Eimeria lettyae Ruff, 1985
   1. Host: Colinus virginianus (Bobwhite quail - type host)
   2. Oocysts: 21.2 x 17.2 (16.4-25.8 x 14.1-21.2) micrometers
   3. References: Ruff 1985; Ruff and Wilkins 1987
   4. Remarks: Ruff (1985) attempted to infect Alectoris graeca (Chukar), Colinus virginianus (Bobwhite quail), Coturnix japonica (?) (Japanese quail), Gallus domesticus (Domestic chicken), Meleagris gallopavo (Domestic turkey), and Phasianus colchicus (Ring-neck pheasant) but was unsuccessful.

7. Eimeria lophortygis Liburd and Mahrt, 1970
   1. Host: Lophortyx californica (Calfornia quail - type host), Oreortyx pictus (Mountain quail)
   2. Oocysts: 22.5 x 18.7 (19-26 x 18-20.5) micrometers.
   3. References: Duszynski and Gutierrez 1981; Liburd 1969; Liburd and Mahrt 1970
   4. Remarks: Duszynski and Gutierrez (1981) found a few unsporulated oocysts in Lophortyx gambelii (Gambel's quail) that they surmised were probably Eimeria lophortygis.

8. Eimeria okanoganensis
   1. Synonym: Eimeria sp. of Herman and Janiewicz, 1942
   2. Host: Lophortyx californica (Calfornia quail - type host), Oreortyx pictus (Mountain quail)
   3. Oocysts: 26.3 x 19.8 (22.5-30 x 17-21) micrometers.
   4. References: Duszynski and Gutierrez 1981; Herman and Jankiewicz 1942; Liburd 1969; Liburd and Mahrt 1970

9. Eimeria oreortygis Duzynski and Gutierrez, 1981
   1. Host: Lophortyx californica (California quail), Oreortyx pictus (Mountain quail - type host)
   2. Oocysts: 24.4 x 18.7 (21-28 x 17-23) micrometers
   3. Reference: Dyszynski and Gutierrez 1981

10. Eimeria spp. of Herman, 1949
    1. Host: Lophortyx californica (California quail)
    2. Oocysts: No information provided
    3. Reference: Herman 1949; Herman and Chattin 1943; Herman and Jankiewicz 1942

11. Eimeria sp. of Lewin, 1963
    1. Host: Lophortyx californica (California quail)
    2. Oocysts: No information provided
    3. Reference: Lewin 1963

12. Eimeria sp. of Mazhar and Bano, 1983
    1. Synonym: Eimeria garnhami Mazhar and Bano, 1983, nomen preocc.
    2. non Eimeria garnhami McMillan, 1958
    3. Host: Coturnix coturnix (European quail - type host)
    4. Oocysts: 35.4 x 28.5 (28.5-42.7 x 25.6-31.3) micrometers
    5. References: Mazhar and Bano 1983, 1985, 1989a, 1989b
    6. Remarks: Mazhar and Bano (1989b) were unsuccessful in their attempts to infect Acridotheres tristis (Comman mynah), Gallus domesticus (Domestic chicken), and Sturnus vulgaris (Common starling) with the coccidian.

13. Eimeria sp. of Prostowo and Edgar, 1970
    1. Host: "quail"
    2. Oocysts: 20.0-21.6 x 17.4-18.5 micrometers
    3. Reference: Prostowo and Edgar 1970
    4. Remarks: The actual species of host was never provided nor did the authors ever publish a second paper and name the coccidian. Oocysts and sporocysts seem to be similar to Eimeria lophortygis Liburd and Mahrt, 1970.

14. Eimeria tahamensis Amoudi, 1987
    1. Host: Coturnix delegorguei (African harlequin quail - type host)
    2. Oocysts: 41.2 x 28.4 (36.5-42 x 25.5-29) micrometers
    3. Reference: Amoudi 1987

15. Eimeria taldykurganica Svanbaev and Utebaeva, 1973
    1. Host: Coturnix coturnix (European quail - type host)
    2. Oocysts: 23.1 x 12.4 (21.9-25.4 x 11.9-13.1) micrometers.
    3. References: Ruff et al. 1984; Svanbaev and Utebaeva 1973

16. Eimeria tsunodai Tsutsumi, 1972
    1. Host: Coturnix japonica (syn. Coturnix coturnix japonica) (Japanese quail - type host)
    2. Oocysts: 18.4 x 14.1 (15.5-22.5 x 12.5-16.5) micrometers
    3. References: Mazurkiewicz et al. 1967; Ruff et al. 1984; Tsutsumi 1972; Tsutsumi and Tsunoda 1972
    4. Remarks: Tsutsumi (1972) was unsuccessful in cross-transmitting the coccidian to Bambusicola thoracica (Chinese bamboo partridge), Colinus virginianus (Bobwhite quail), Gallus domesticus (Domestic chicken), Phasianus colchicus (Ring-neck pheasant), Phasianus versicolor (Green pheasant), or Syrmaticus soemmerringii (sy. Phasianus soemmerringii scintillans) (Copper pheasant).

17. Eimeria uzura Tsunoda and Muraki, 1971
    1. Host: Coturnix japonica (Japanese quail)
    2. Oocysts: 24.4 x 18.7 (18.8-30.0 x 15.0-23.8) micrometers.
    3. References: Rao and Sharma 1992; Rao et al. 1990; Ruff et al. 1984, 1988; Tsunoda and Muraki 1971

18. Isospora sp. of Duzynski and Gutierrez, 1981
    1. Host: Oreortyx pictus (Mountain quail - type host)
    2. Oocysts: 27.8 x 25.0 (24-31 x 23-29) micrometers
    3. Reference: Dyszynski and Gutierrez 1981
    4. Remarks: This appears to be a isosporan pseudoparasite of a passeriform bird

19. Wenyonella bahli Misra, 1944
    1. Host: Coturnix coturnix (syn. Coturnix communis) (European quail - type host)
    2. Oocysts: 16.0-17.5 x 14.6-15.5 micrometers. Svanbaev and Utebaeva (1973) gave measurements of 18.3 x 15.1 (17.0-19.4 x 14.3-15.7) micrometers.
    3. References: Misra 1944; Svanbaev and Utebaeva 1973
    4. Remarks: It is likely that the oocysts represented by this coccidian are degenerate oocysts of Eimeria tsunodai Tsutsumi, 1972 and that the refractile bodies are being confused for sporozoites.

FAMILY: Tetraonidae (grouse)

NOTE: The coccidia of grouse are quite confusing. Some of the earlier species descriptions are so poor that it is nearly impossible to access how many of the 5-6 "elongate/ellipsoidal" coccidia listed below are synonyms. However, we do know that at least some of the grouse coccidia can infect different species and different genera within the Tetraonidae and it is likely that several of the species are synonyms. Eimeria angusta Allen, 1934 alone has been reported to infect 4 different species of grouse in 4 different genera; and only 17 species of grouse in 6 genera are considered valid. Another problem has been whether coccidia in grouse can be transmitted to galliform birds in other families. Early reports often confused the morphologically similar coccidia of chickens with those of grouse, and Fantham (1909, 1910b, 1911b) claimed to have transmitted grouse coccidia both to young chickens and young pidgeons. However, more recent attempts to transmit coccidia from grouse to chickens or pheasants have all failed and it is likely the coccidia of grouse are actually confined to the Tetraonidae.

1. Eimeria angusta Allen, 1934
   1. Hosts: Bonas umbellus (Ruffed grouse - type host), Centrocercus urophasianus (Sage grouse), Dendragapus canadensis (syn. Canachites canadensis) (Spruce grouse ), Tympanuchus phasianellus (syn. Pedioecetes phasianellus campestris) (Sharp-tailed grouse)
   2. Oocysts: Originally reported as 27-33 x 16.5-17.5 micrometers. Boughton (1937) reported 30.1 x 16.1 (27.2-33.0 x 14.5-16.9) micrometers, Simon (1940) 29.2 x 17.5 (26.7-32.1 x 15.7-19.4) micrometers, Honess and Post (1955) 29.6 x 18.8 (25-33.9 x 16-21.7) micrometers, and Todd et al. (1970) 32.5 x 17.1 (28-37 x 15-19) micrometers
   3. References: Allen 1934; Barker et al. 1984; Boughton 1937; Honess 1968; Honess and Post 1955, 1968; Scott 1940; Scott and Honess, 1933, 1937; Simon 1940; Todd et al. 1970; Yakimoff and Gousseff 1936
   4. Remarks: This is the first coccidian from grouse to have an adequate description and line drawing, and may represent the ovoid forms first seen by Fantham (1909) in Willow ptarmigan. Taking into account errors and omissions, it appears that Eimeria angusta is morphologically indistinguishable from several other eimerians from grouse including Eimeria lagopodi Galli-Valerio, 1929, Eimeria lyruri Galli-Valerio, 1927, Eimeria procera Haase, 1939, and Eimeria tetricis Haase, 1939. Allen (1934) had not seen the descriptions of the first two species until her description of Eimeria angusta went to press. In a note added to the proof, the only difference cited was that a very small amount of residual debris could be noted in the oocysts of Eimeria angusta and that this had not been reported for the coccidia described by Galli-Valerio (1927, 1929). Considering the original, grossly inadequate descriptions of both Eimeria lagopodi and Eimeria lyruri, the fact that a later description of Eimeria lyuri by Yakimoff and Gousseff (1936) and the descriptions of Eimeria procera, Eimeria tetricis by Haase (1939), and others also reveal these coccidia to be similar to Eimeria angusta, and because multiple genera of grouse seem to be infected by the same species of coccidia, it is quite possible that all five or more species are synonyms. Because both Eimeria lagopodi and Eimeria lyruri are so poorly described, they border on being nomen nuda.

2. Eimeria bonasae Allen, 1934
   1. Hosts: Bonasa bonasia (syn. Tetrastes bonasia) (Hazel grouse), Bonasa umbellus (Ruffed grouse - type host), Lagopus lagopus (Willow ptarmigan)
   2. Oocysts: Originally, they were reported as nearly spherical, 21 micrometers in diameter. Todd et al. (1970) measured them as 21.6 x 20.6 (18-25 x 18-23) whereas those reported by Utebaeva (1973) from Hazel grouse were 19.6-21.4 x 14.7-15.2 micrometers.
   3. References: Allen 1934; Svanbaev 1979; Todd et al. 1970; Utebaeva 1973
   4. Remarks: This represents the fourth coccidian to be named and may or may not represent the subspherical oocysts first reported in Willow ptarmigan by Fantham (1909). Either Eimeria yakisevi (Yakimoff and Gousseff, 1936) Hardcastle, 1943 or Eimeria nadsoni Yakimoff and Gousseff, 1936 could be a synonym although differences in sporocyst size and shape seem to exist between the three species. Unfortunately, the original description was based on only partially sporulated oocysts and the major differences between the three coccidia are based heavily on sporocyst shape. A more adequate description of the sporulated oocysts and sporocysts were made by Todd et al. (1970), however.

3. Eimeria brinkmanni Levine, 1953
   1. Host: Lagopus mutus (Rock ptarmigan - type host)
   2. Oocysts: 28.6 x 18.8 (18.0-19.6 x 26.0-29.7) micrometers
   3. Reference: Levine 1953
   4. Remarks: The sporocysts are reported to have a larger Stieda body than other species described from grouse.

4. Eimeria centrocerci Simon, 1939
   1. Host: Centrocercus urophasianus (Sage grouse - type host)
   2. Oocysts: Originally reported as 22.2 x 17.1 (21-25 x 17-18) micrometers. Honess and Post (1955) give measurements of 21.2 x 15.0 (17-25.1 x 13-17.5), and Stabler et al. (1981) 22.9 x 14.0 (21.6-27.2 x 12.7-17.1) micrometers.
   3. References: Honess 1968; Honess and Post, 1955, 1968; Scott 1940; Scott and Honess, 1933, 1937; Simon 1939, 1940; Stabler et al.1981

5. Eimeria fanthami Levine, 1953
   1. Host: Lagopus mutus (Rock ptarmigan - type host)
   2. Oocysts: 28.3 x 18.8 (18.0-20.1 x 27.0-29.2) micrometers
   3. Reference: Levine 1953

6. Eimeria lagopodi Galli-Valerio, 1929, species inquirienda
   1. Host: Lagopus mutus (Rock ptarmigan - type host)
   2. Oocysts: 24 x 15 micrometers
   3. References: Bornand 1937; Galli-Valerio 1927; Gottschalk 1992; Levine 1953
   4. Remarks: No line drawing or photograph of this coccidian was published, and the description is meager. It borders on being a nomen nudum. This coccidian is nearly identical to Eimeria lyruri Galli-Valerio, 1927 other than the long axis of the oocyst wall of Eimeria lyruri was reported to be slightly flattened. It is also similar to Eimeria angusta Allen, 1934, Eimeria lagopodi Galli-Valerio, 1929, Eimeria procera Haase, 1939, and Eimeria tetricis Haase, 1939. All five may be synonyms.

7. Eimeria leninogorica Utebaeva, 1973
   1. Host: Bonasa bonasia (syn. Tetrastes bonasia) (Hazel grouse)
   2. Oocysts: 20.6-31.9 x 15.4-17.3 micrometers
   3. Reference: Utebaeva 1973

8. Eimeria leucuri Stabler, Haskins, Kitzmiller, Olsen, and Braun, 1979
   1. Host: Lagopus leucurus (White-tailed ptarmigan - type host)
   2. Remarks: Oocysts measured 26.6 x 17.7 (22.0-31.5 x 14.8-20.0) micrometers
   3. Reference: Stabler et al. 1979
   4. Remarks: This coccidian has a distinct micropyle and cap which tend to separate it from other ellipsoidal eimerians in grouse.

9. Eimeria lyruri Galli-Valerio, 1927, species inquirienda
   1. Synonym: Eimeria dendrocopi Levine, 1953, pro parte
   2. Host: Tetrao tetrix (syn. Lyrurus tetrix) (Black grouse - type host); Tetrao urogallus (Capercaillie).
   3. Oocysts: Originally reported as 24-27 x 15 micrometers. Yakimoff and Gousseff (1936) reported oocysts as 29.6 x 15.3 (22.0-36.6 x 12.2-19.5) micrometers in Tetrao tetrix and 27.9 x 16.4 (22.0-34.2 x 14.6-18.3) in Tetrao urogallus. Pav and Zajicek (1974) measured oocysts as 30 x 17 (26-34 x 15-19) micrometers.
   4. References: Galli-Valerio 1929; Gottschalk 1992; Pav and Zajicek 1974; Pellerdy 1974; Yakimoff and Gousseff 1936
   5. Remarks: This represents the first named coccidian from grouse. However, no line drawing or photograph of this coccidian was originally published, and the description is scant. It borders on being a nomen nudum. Yakimoff and Gousseff (1936) added additional details about this coccidian, although Pellerdy (1974) considers the coccidian found by Yakimoff and Gousseff (1936) to be a separate species. We've come to the reverse conclusion. Yakimoff and Gousseff (1936) also reported this coccidian from Dendrocopos major (syn. Dryobates major) (Great spotted woodpecker - Piciformes). This coccidian is now termed Eimeria dendrocopi Levine, 1953. Pav and Zajicek (1974) attempted to transmit this coccidian to pheasant chicks but were unsuccessful.

10. Eimeria nadsoni Yakimoff and Gousseff, 1936
    1. Host: Tetrao tetrix (syn. Lyrurus tetrix) (Black grouse - type host)
    2. Oocysts: Originally reported as both spherical, 23.2 (19.5-25.6) micrometers and subspherical, 21.3 x 24.9 (17.1-24.4 x 20.7-29.3) micrometers forms
    3. References: Pav and Zajicek 1974; Yakimoff and Gousseff 1936
    4. Remarks: This coccidian is similar to Eimeria yakisevi (Yakimoff and Gousseff, 1936) Hardcastle, 1943 but has a polar granule and larger, unusally stout, sporocysts. Pav and Zajicek (1974) reported a coccidian from both Tetrao tetrix (syn. Lyrurus tetrix) (Black grouse) and Tetrao urogallus (Capercaillie) as Eimeria nadsoni but oocysts were more ellipsoidal and it is likely a different species is represented.

11. Eimeria oreoecetes Stabler, Haskins, Kitzmiller, Olsen, and Braun, 1979
    1. Host: Lagopus leucurus (White-tailed ptarmigan - type host)
    2. Remarks: Oocysts measured 26.0 x 22.6 (23.0-28.8 x 20.0-26.3) micrometers
    3. Reference: Stabler et al. 1979
    4. Remarks: The authors only cite the presence of multiple (fragmented) polar granules rather than a single polar body granule within the oocyst, the presence of a substieda body, and sporocysts being enclosed by a membrane as the factors that distinguishes this coccidian from Eimeria bonasae Allen, 1934, Eimeria nadsoni Yakimoff and Gousseff, 1936, and Eimeria yakisevi (Yakimoff and Gousseff, 1936) Hardcastle, 1943. All of these characters are minor. Polar granules often begin to fragment after a few days in storage, and the other two characters could have easily been overlooked by other researchers.

12. Eimeria pattersoni Honess and Post, 1955
    1. Host: Centrocercus urophasianus (Sage grouse - type host); perhaps Tetrix tetrix (syn. Lyrurus tetrix) (Black grouse)
    2. Oocysts: 20.2 x 13.5 (17.8-22.6 x 11.8-15.1) micrometers. Utebaeva (1973) reported oocysts from Black grouse to measure 21.4-27.5 x 15.4-17.4 micrometers.
    3. References: Honess 1968; Honess and Post 1955, 1968; Scott 1940; Scott and Honess, 1933, 1937; Utebaeva 1973

13. Eimeria procera Haase, 1939
    1. Host: Tetrao urogallus (Capercaillie - type host); perhaps Perdix pedix (Common or grey partridge - Phasianidae) and Alectoris rufa (Red-legged partridge - Phasianidae)
    2. Oocysts: 28.8-31.2 x 16.4-17.2 micrometers from the Capercaillie. Oocysts from the Partridge were 28.8-30.7 x 16.4-17.0 micrometers. Lizcano Herrera and Romero-Rodriguez (1972) later reported oocysts from Alectoris rufa (Red-legged partridge) as 25.1 x 14.9 (22.8-30 x 11.5-17.1) micrometers.
    3. Reference: Haase 1939
    4. Remarks: This species is morphologically quite similar to those provided for Eimeria angusta Allen, 1934, Eimeria lagopodi Galli-Valerio, 1929, Eimeria lyruri Galli-Valerio, 1927, and his own Eimeria tetricis Haase, 1939. Some or all may be synonyms. Haase (1939) reported that the oocysts found in both the Capercaillie and Partridge were similar enough that he termed both Eimeria procera. Is is very possible that two morphologically similar species are involved. Pellerdy (1974) designed Perdix perdix as the type host, but this is incorrect as the description from the Capercaillie preceeds that from the Partridge.

14. Eimeria sp. of Golemansky, 1986
    1. Host: Tetrao urogallus (Capercaillie)
    2. Oocysts: Not reported
    3. References: Golemansky 1986

15. Eimeria sp. of Pav and Zajicek, 1974
    1. non Eimeria nadsoni Yakimoff and Gousseff, 1936
    2. Hosts: Tetrao tetrix (syn. Lyrurus tetrix) (Black grouse - type host); Tetrao urogallus (Capercaillie)
    3. Oocysts: 20.5 x 13 (19-22 x 11-15) micrometers
    4. Reference: Pav and Zajicek 1974 Remarks: Pav and Zajicek (1974) originally reported this coccidian as Eimeria nadsoni Yakimoff and Gousseff, 1936. However, oocysts of Eimeria nadsoni are more spherical. Attempts to transmit this parasite to pheasant chicks failed.

16. Eimeria spp. of Fantham, 1909
    1. non Coccidium tenellum Railliet and Lucet, 1891 of Fantham, 1909
    2. non Eimeria avium (Silvestrini and Rivolta, 1873) Doflein, 1909 of Brinkmann, 1926
    3. non Eimeria (Coccidium) avium (Silvestrini and Rivolta, 1873) Doflein, 1909 of Fantham, 1909
    4. Host: Lagopus lagopus (syn. Lagopus scoticus) (Willow ptarmigan)
    5. Oocysts: Ovoid oocysts measured 25-35 x 14-20 micrometers, subspherical oocysts 18-20 in diameter, and pyriform oocysts "intermediate" in size between the ovoid and suspherical forms
    6. References: Fantham 1909, 1910a, 1910b, 1911a, 1911b; Wilson 1911a, 1911b
    7. Remarks: Coccidia in grouse were first reported by Fantham (1909). It is clear from his series of descriptions that at least three different species were being confused as one. Fantham (1909, 1910b, 1911b) claimed to have transmitted the coccidia both to young chickens and young pidgeons. However, these experiments need to be confirmed and it is likely that extraneous infections occurred. Undetermined species of coccidia from Willow ptarmigan have also been reported by various authors including (Brinkmann 1923, 1926; Gross 1926; Wilson 1911a, 1911b).

17. Eimeria tetricis Haase, 1939
    1. Host: Tetrao tetrix (syn. Lyrurus tetrix) (Black grouse - type host)
    2. Oocysts: 29.8-31.4 x 14.2-15.4 micrometers. Utebaeva (1973) reported oocysts as 31.0-40.6 x 16.9-17.7) micrometers.
    3. References: Haase 1939; Utebaeva 1973
    4. Haase (1939) reported a opercular cap to be present but none are depicted in the line drawings or shown in the photomicrographs. This species appears remarkably similar to Eimeria angusta Allen, 1934 and may be the same species. The species noted by Utebaeva (1973) is most likely a separate species.

18. Eimeria uekii Kamimura and Kodama, 1981
    1. Host: Lagopus mutus (Rock ptarmigan - type host)
    2. Oocysts: 24 x 16 (19-29 x 13-21) micrometers.
    3. Reference: Kamimura and Kodama 1981

19. Eimeria ustkamenogorica Utebaeva, 1973
    1. Host: Bonasa bonasia (syn. Tetrastes bonasia) (Hazel grouse)
    2. Oocysts: 26.1-34.8 x 14.4-19.0 micrometers
    3. Reference: Utebaeva 1973

20. Eimeria ventrosa Haase, 1939
    1. Host: Tetrao urogallus (Capercaillie - type host)
    2. Oocysts: 31.5-33.5 x 20.4-22.9 micrometers. Utebaeva (1973) reported oocysts as 29.0-36.2 x 17.4-20.3 micrometers.
    3. References: Golemansky 1986; Gottschalk 1992; Haase 1939; Utebaeva 1973
    4. Remarks: This coccidian is relatively distinct compared to the other five elongate eimerians described up until this time (Eimeria angusta Allen, 1934, Eimeria lagopodi Galli-Valerio, 1929, Eimeria lyruri Galli-Valerio, 1927, Eimeria procera Haase, 1939, and Eimeria tetricis Haase, 1939) as it has sporocysts with a distinct bottleneck-like appearence.

21. Eimeria yakisevi (Yakimoff and Gousseff, 1936) Hardcastle, 1943
    1. Synonym: Eimeria brumpti Yakimoff and Gousseff, 1936, nomen preocc.
    2. Synonym: Eimeria nonbrumpti Levine, 1953, pro parte
    3. Host: Tetrao urogallus (Capercaillie - type host)
    4. Oocysts: Spherical, 19.5 micrometers in diameter. Utebaeva (1973) reported oocysts as subspherical, 18.9-29.0 x 15.9-24.1 micrometers.
    5. References: Gottschalk 1992; Hardcastle 1943; Levine 1953; Utebaeva 1973; Yakimoff and Gousseff 1936
    6. Remarks: This coccidian appears nearly identical to the description of Eimeria bonasae Allen, 1934 and may represent the same species. It may also represent the subspherical oocysts first reported in Willow ptarmigan by Fantham (1909). It is most similar to Eimeria nadsoni Yakimoff and Gousseff, 1936 but has sporocysts that are shorter and more elongate and apparently lacks a polar granule.
    7. Remarks: Yakimoff and Gousseff (1936) also reported this coccidian from from Dendrocopos major (syn. Dryobates major) (Great spotted woodpecker - Piciformes). This coccidian is now termed Eimeria nonbrumpti Levine, 1953.

22. Isospora lyruri Galli-Valerio, 1931
    1. Host: Tetrao tetrix (syn. Lyrurus tetrix) (Black grouse - type host)
    2. Oocysts: Spherical, 15 micrometers in diameter.
    3. References: Galli-Valerio 193; Gottschalk 1992
    4. Remarks: This is probably a isosporan pseudoparasite of a passeriform bird that was a ingested by the grouse.

Select references

NOTE: It is literally impossible to acquire all papers on the coccidia of galliforme birds. What we have attempted to do is primarily list those papers that have taxonomic, systematic, or basic biology function.

Adene, D.F. and Akande, D. 1978. A diagnosis of coccidiosis in captive brush fowl (Francolinus bicalcaratus) and identification of the causative coccidia. East African Wildlife Journal 16: 227-230.

Agostinucci, G. and Bronzini, E. 1956. Eimeria pternistis, n. sp. parassita del francolino somalo. Nuovi Annali d'igiene e Microbiologia 6: 449-450.

Ahmed, A.K., El Assal, F.M., Shazly, M.A., and El-Tokhy, A. 1992. Fine structure studies of microgametogenesis of Eimeria adenoides (Eimeriidae, Sporozoa) infecting turkeys in Egypt. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology 22: 693-701.

Al-Attar, M.A. and Fernando, M.A. 1987. Transport of Eimeria necatrix sporozoites in the chicken: effects of irritants injected intraperitoneally. Journal of Parasitology 73: 494-502.

Allen, E.A. 1934. Eimeria angusta sp. nov. and Eimeria bonasae sp. nov. from grouse, with a key to the species of Eimeria in birds. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 53: 1-5.

Allmacher, G. 1968. Die Kokzidien von Vogeln im Zoo. PhD dissertation, Universitat Munchen. 45 pp.

Amoudi, M.A. 1987. Eimeria tahamensis n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from the arabian quail (Coturnix delegorguei arabica). Journal of Protozoology 34: 455-456.

Amoudi, M.A. 1988. Two new species of Eimeria from peacocks (Pavo cristatus) in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Protozoology 35: 546-548.

Arnastauskiene, T. 1970. On the coccidia of pheasants (Phasianus colchicus L.) in Lithuania. Acta Parasitologica Lituanica 10: 19-23.

Arnastauskiene, T., Kazlauskas, J., and Kadyte, B. 1970. On the parasitic fauna of the pheasants (Phasianus colchicus L.) in the Lithuanian SSR. Acta Parasitologica Lituanica 10: 95-101.

Augustine, P.C. 1988. Eimeria adenoeides and E. meleagrimitis: effect of poult age on susceptibility to infection and development of immunity. Avian Diseases 32: 798-802.

Augustine, P.C. and Danforth, H.D. 1995. Eimeria tenella and E. acervulina: differences in ability to elicit cross-species protection as compared with the turkey coccidium, E. adenoeides. Avian Diseases 39: 709-717.

Augustine, P.C. and Thomas, O.P. 1981. Effect of time on response to Eimeria adenoeides and Eimeria meleagrimitis infection in young turkeys. Avian Diseases 25: 366-373.

Augustine, P.C., Danforth, H.D., and Jenkins, M.C. 1993. Avian Eimeria: effects of gamma radiation on development of cross-species immunity in foreign and natural bird hosts. Avian Diseases 37: 349-357.

Ball, S.J., Pittilo, R.M., Joyner, L.P., and Norton, C.C. 1981. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of Eimeria maxima microgametogenesis. Parasitology 82: 131-135.

Banik, D.C. and Ray, H.N. 1961. On a new coccidium Eimeria pavonina n. sp., from peacock, Pavo critatus Linn. Bulletin of the Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine 9: 61-62.

Banik, D.C. and Ray, H.N. 1964. On a new coccidium, Eimeria mandali n. sp. from the Indian peacock. Bulletin of the Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine 12: 27.

Barker, I.K., Garbutt, A., and Middleton, A.L. 1984. Endogenous development and pathogenicity of Eimeria angusta in the ruffed grouse, Bonasa umbellus. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 20: 100-107.

Barta, J.R., Martin, D.S., Liberator, P.A., Dashkevicz, M., Anderson, J.W., Feighner, S.D., Elbrecht, A., Perkins-Barrow, A., Jenkins, M.C., Danforth, H.D., Ruff, M.D., and Profous-Juchelka, H. 1997. Phylogenetic relationships among eight Eimeria species infecting domestic fowl inferred using complete small subunit ribosomal DNA sequences. Journal of Parasitology 83: 262-271.

*Bejsovec, J. 1972. Coccidiosis in the pheasant Phasianus colchicus L. and in the partridge Perdix perdix L., in an agricultural area of Czechoslovakia. Journal of Protozoology 19: 75.

Bemrick, W.J. and Hammer, R.F. 1979. Scanning electron microscopy of damage to the cecal mucosa of turkeys infected with Eimeria adenoeides. Avian Diseases 23: 812-820.

Bhatia, B.B. 1968. A new and two known eimerian species from gallinaceous birds. Indian Journal of Microbiology 8: 239-244.

*Bhatia, B.B. and Pande, B.P. 1966. A new coccidium, Eimeria mayurai (Sporozoa: Eimeriidae) from the common peafowl, Pavo cristatus L. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India 34: 39-42.

Bhatia, B.B. and Pande, B.P. 1967. A new eimerian species from guinea fowl. A preliminary note. Acta Veterinaria Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 17: 359-361.

*Bhatia, B.B. and Pande, B.P. 1968. On the endogenous development of Eimeria mayurai Bhatia and Pande, 1966 in a baby peafowl. Indian Journal of Animal Health 7: 105-108.

Bhatia, B.B., Chauhan, P.P. S., Arora, G.S., and Agrawal, R.D. 1972. Observations on some coccidian infections in birds and a mammal at the Delhi Zoo. Indian Journal of Animal Science 42: 625-628.

Bhatia, B.B., Pandey, T.P., and Pande, B.P. 1965. Eimeria bateri n. sp. from Indian grey quail (Coturnix coturnix coturnix). Indian Journal of Microbiology 5: 61-64.

Bhatia, B.B., Pandey, T.P., and Pande, B.P. 1966. Eimeria teetari n. sp. (Eimeriidae: Sporozoa) in Indian partridges. Acta Veterinaria Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 16: 329-334.

Bornand, M. 1937. Sur quelques affections parasitaires du gibier observees en 1936. Bulletin de la Societe e Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles 59: 509-514.

Boughton, R.V. 1937. Endoparasitic infestations in grouse, their pathogenicity and correlation with meteoro- topo-graphical conditions. University of Minnesota Agricultural Experimental Station technical bulletin no. 121. 50 pp.

*Brinkmann, A. 1923. Lirypens entoparasiter. Bergens Museums Aarbok 1921-1922. Naturvidenskabelig raekke no.3, 1-71.

Brinkmann, A. 1926. Coccidiosen hos lirypen. Bergens Museums Aarbok 1926. Naturvidenskabelig raekke no. 9, 1-71.

Chakravarty, M. and Kar, A.B. 1946. A study on the coccidia of indian birds. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 62: 225-233.

*Chauhan, M.P.S., Paliwal, U.C.D., and Swarup, M. 1976. Current Science 45: 591-592.

Clarkson, M. J. 1960. The coccidia of the turkey. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 54: 253-257.

*Cordero del Campillo, M., and Ola Hernandez, M. 1966. Sobre las coccidiosis de las perdices, con description de Eimeria legionensis n. sp., parasita de Alectorix rufa L. y una clave para su differenciacion. Revista Iberica de Parasitologia 26: 27-41.

Dasak, P., Ball, S.J., Pittilo, R.M., and Norton, C.C. 1993. Ultrastructural observations on caecal epithelial cells invaded by first-generation merozoites of Eimeria tenella in vivo. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 87: 359-364.

Davies, S.F.M., Joyner, L.P., and Kendall, S.B. 1963. Coccidiosis. Oliver and Boyd, London. 264 pp.

Davronov, O. 1985. On the coccidial fauna of partridges in Uzbekistan. Uzbekskii Biologischeskii Zhurnal (1): 47-49.

Doran, D.J. 1978a. The life cycle of Eimeria dispersa Tyzzer, 1919 in turkeys. Journal of Protozoology 25: 203-207.

Doran, D.J. 1978b. The life cycle of Eimeria dispersa Tyzzer 1929 from the turkey in gallinaceous birds. Journal of Parasitology 64: 882-885.

Dumanli, N. and Ozer, E. 1985. The incidence of the Eimeria species in partridges (Alectoris graeca) in Elazig vicinity. Selcuk Universitesi Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi 1: 95-99.

Duszynski, D.W. and Gutierrez, R.J. 1981. The coccidia of quail in the United States. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 17: 371-380.

Edgar, S.A. 1955. Sporulation of oocysts at specific temperatures and notes on the prepatent period of several species of avian coccidia. Journal of Parasitology 41: 214-216.

Edgar, S.A. and Seibold, C.T. 1964. A new coccidium of chickens, Eimeria mivati sp. n. (Protozoa: Eimeriidae) with details of its life history. Journal of Parasitology 50: 193-204.

Elwasila, M. 1984. Fine structure of the process of oocyst wall formation of Eimeria maxima (Apicomplexa: Eimeriina). Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 32: 159-163.

Fantham, H.B. 1909. On coccidia in grouse chicks. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1: 886-887.

Fantham, H.B. 1910a. I. The morphology and life-history of Eimeria (Coccidium) avium: a sporozoon causing a fatal disease among young grouse. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 2: 672-691.

Fantham, H.B. 1910b. 3. Experimental studies on avian coccidiosis, especially in relation to young grouse, fowls, and pidgeons. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 2: 708-722.

Fantham, H.B. 1911a. Part I. - The morphology and life-history of Eimeria (Coccidium) avium: a sporozoon causing a fatal disease among young grouse. In, The Grouse in Health and in Diseases. Being the Final Report of the Committee of Inquiry on Grouse Disease. Volume 1. Smith, Elder and Co., London. pp. 235-251. (this is a duplication of his 1910 paper).

Fantham, H.B. 1911b. Part II. - Experimental studies on avian coccidiosis, especially in relation to young grouse, fowls, and pidgeons. In, The Grouse in Health and in Diseases. Being the Final Report of the Committee of Inquiry on Grouse Disease. Volume 1. Smith, Elder and Co., London. pp. 252-272. (this is a duplication of his 1910 paper).

Fernando, M.A. and Remmler, O. 1973a. Four new species of Eimeria and one of Tyzzeria from the Ceylong jungle fowl Gallus lafayettei. Journal of Protozoology 20: 43-45.

Fernando, M.A. and Remmler, O. 1973b. Eimeria diminuta sp. n. from the Ceylon jungle fowl, Gallus lafayettei. Journal of Protozoology 20: 357.

Fernando, M.A., Rose, M.E., and Millard, B.J. 1987. Eimeria spp. of domestic fowl: the migration of sporozoites intra- and extra-enterically. Journal of Parasitology 73: 561-567.

Fisher, J.W. and Kelley, G.L. 1977. The sporulated oocyst of Eimeria colini sp. n. from the bobwhite quail, Colinus virginianus. Journal of Parasitology 63: 200-202.

Fisher, J.W. Wacha, R.S. 1976. Coccidian parasites from game-farm reared pheasants, Phasianus colchicus, in Iowa. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington 43: 226-227.

Fitz-Coy, S.H. and Edgar, S.A. 1983. Eimeria mitis invasion of the yolk sac diverticulum of chickens. Journal of Parasitology 69: 518.

Galli-Valerio, B. 1927. Notes de parasitologie et de technique parasitologique. Centralblatt fur Bakteriologie. I. Abteilung Originale. 103: 177-182.

Galli-Valerio, B. 1929. Notes de parasitologie. Zentralblatt fur Bakteriologie. I. Abteilung Originale. 112: 54-59.

Galli-Valerio, B. 1931. Notes de parasitologie. Zentralblatt fur Bakteriologie. I. Abteilung Originale. 120: 98-106.

Gerard, P. 1913. Le cycle evolutif d'une nouvelle coccidie aviaire. Eimeria bracheti (n. sp.). Archiv fur Protistenkunde 29: 193-202.

Gill, B.S. 1955. Transmissibility of turkey coccidia (Eimeria meleagridis, E. meleagrimitis, and E. gallopavonis) to chickens. Indian Veterinary Journal 31: 92-95.

Giorgetti, G. and Bertocchi, D. 1971. Richerche ezio-pathogenetiche sulla coccidiosi della faraona. Veterinaria Itlaiana 22: 578-587.

Glebezdin, V. S. 1964. A new species of coccidian from the chicken. Izvestiya Akademaii Nauk Turkmenskoi SSR, seriya Biologischeskikh Nauk, no. 3, 87-88.

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