Coccidia (Eimeriidae) of Primates and Scandentia
(monkeys, apes, humans, tree shrews)

Updated: 16 August 2000
Comments: eimeria@unm.edu (Duszynski) or coccidia@ksu.edu (Upton)

ORDER: SCANDENTIA

FAMILY: Tupaiidae (Tree-shrews)

1. Eimeria ptilocerci Mullin, Colley and Stevens, 1972
   1. Host: Ptilocercus lowii (pen-tailed tree-shrew)
   2. Reference: Mullin et al. (1972)

2. Eimeria ferruginea Colley, 1970
   1. Host: Tupaia ferruginea (common tree-shrew)
   2. References: Colley (1970); Mullin and Colley (1972); Mullin etal. (1972)

3. Eimeria modesta Van Peenan, Ryan and McIntyre, 1967
   1. Host: Tupaia glis modesta (common tree-shrew)
   2. References: Colley (1970); Van Peenan et al. (1967)

4. Eimeria tupaiae Mullin, Colley and Stevens, 1972
   1. Host: Tupaia glis (common tree-shrew)
   2. References: Mullin and Colley (1972); Mullin et al. (1972)

ORDER: PRIMATES

FAMILY: Galagonidae (Lesser bush babies)

1. Eimeria galago Poelma, 1966
   1. Host: Galago senegalensis (northern lesser bush baby)
   2. Reference: Poelma (1966)

2. Eimeria lemuris Poelma, 1966
   1. Host: Galago senegaleneis (northern lesser bush baby)
   2. Reference: Poelma (1966)

3. Eimeria otolicni Poelma, 1966
   1. Host: Galago senegalensis (northern lesser bush baby)
   2. Reference: Poelma (1966)

4. Isospora arctopitheci Rodhain, 1933
   1. Host: Galago senegalensis (northern lesser bush baby)
   2. Reference: Poelma (1966)

FAMILY: Loridae (Loris)

1. Eimeria coucangi Patnaik and Acharjyo, 1970
   1. Host: Nycticebus coucang (slow loris)
   2. Reference: Patnaik and Acharjyo (1970)

2. Eimeria nycticebi Patnaik and Acharjyo, 1970
   1. Host: Nycticebus coucang (slow loris)
   2. Reference: Patnaik and Acharjyo (1970)

3. Eimeria pachylepyron Colley and Mullin, 1970
   1. Host: Nycticebus coucang (slow loris)
   2. Reference: Colley and Mullin (1972)

FAMILY: Tarsiidae (Tarsier)

1. Eimeria tarsii Duszynski, Wilson, Upton and Levine, 1999
   1. Host: Tarsius syrichta (Phillipine tarsier)
   2. References: Duszynski et al. (1999); Osman hill (1952)

FAMILY: Callithrichidae (Marmosets)

1. Isospora arctopitheci Rodhain, 1933
   1. Synonym: Isospora bigemina of Brunelli, 1935
   2. Synonym: Isospora scorzai Arcay-de-Peraza, 1967
   3. Host: Callithrix penicillata (short-tusked marmoset)
   4. References: Arcay-de-Peraza (1967); Brunelli 1935; Duszynski and Speer (1976); Hendricks (1974, 1977); Hendricks and Walton (1974); Olcott et al. (1982); Poelma (1966); Rodhain (1933)
   5. Remarks: This species was experimentally transmitted to Alouatta pigra, Aotus trivirgatus, Ateles fusciceps, Cacajao calvus, Cebus capucinus and Saimiri sciureus

2. Isospora callimico Hsu and Melby, 1974
   1. Host: Callimico goeldii (Goeldi's marmoset)
   2. Reference: Hsu and Melby (1974)

3. Isospora endocallimici Duszynski and File, 1974
   1. Host: Callimico goeldii (Goeldi's marmoset)
   2. References: Duszynski and File (1974); Speer et al. (1976)
   3. Remarks: This coccidian may be a synonym of Isospora arctopitheci Rodhain, 1933.

FAMILY: Cebidae

1. Isospora cebi Marinkelle, 1969
   1. Host: Cebus albifrons (white-footed capuchin)
   2. References: Lindsay et al. (1997); Marinkelle (1969)

2. Isospora saimirae Lainson and Shaw, 1989
   1. Host: Saimiri sciureus sciureus (squirrel monkey)
   2. Reference: Lainson and Shaw (1989)

FAMILY: Cercopithecidae (Macaques)

1. Cyclospora cercopitheci Eberhard, da Silva, Lilley, and Pieniazek, 1999
   1. Synonym: Cyclospora colobi Eberhard, da Silva, Lilley, and Pieniazek, 1999?
   2. Synonym: Cyclospora papionis Eberhard, da Silva, Lilley, and Pieniazek, 1999?
   3. Hosts: Cercopithecus aethiops (African green monkey or Vervet monkey - type host), Colobus guereza (Colobus monkey), Papio anubis (Olive baboon)
   4. References: Eberhard et al. 1999, 2000; Lopez et al. 1999; Smith et al. 1996, 1997
   5. Remarks: Eberhard et al. (1999) originally established three new species of Cyclospora from non-human primates. Cyclospora cercopitheci was described from African green monkeys, Cyclospora colobi was named from the Colobus monkey, and Cyclospora papionis was found in the Olive baboon. Morphologically, the mean measurements between oocysts were less than 1.0 micrometer in diameter and few genetic differences were noted. Thus, these may well represent the same species. In addition, few differences were noted between oocysts found in non-human primates and Cyclospora cayetanensis from humans. However, later experimental transmission studies by Eberhard et al. (2000) suggest that human isolates may not be capable of infecting non-human primates. Even though the authors were unable to use human positive controls in their experiments, enough isolates were tested to tentatively believe that the coccidian in non-human primates may be a species separate from Cyclospora cayetanensis.

2. Isospora sp. of Bhatia et al., 1972
   1. Host: Macaca radiata (Bonnet macaque)
   2. Reference: Bhatia et al. (1972)
   3. Remarks: This is probably an avian pseudoparasite

FAMILY: Hominidae (Humans)

1. Cyclospora cayetanensis Ortega, Gilman and Sterling, 1994
   1. Host: Homo sapiens (humans)
   2. Select references: Ashford (1979); Ashford et al. (1993); McClelland (1997); Ortega et al. (1992, 1993, 1994, 1997, 1998); Smith et al. (1996); Soave (1996)

2. Cyclospora sp. of Smith, Paton, Girdwood, and Mtambo, 1996
   1. Host: Pan troglodytes (Common chimpanzee)
   2. References: Lopez et al. 1999; Smith et al. 1996
   3. Remarks: It is not yet known whether this Cyclospora sp. represents Cyclospora cayetanensis Ortega, Gilman and Sterling, 1994, Cyclospora cercopitheci Eberhard, da Silva, Lilley, and Pieniazek, 1999, or an undescribed species

3. Isospora belli
   1. Host: Homo sapiens (humans)
   2. Select references: Briceno Iragorry (1952); Campos et al. (1969); Dobell (1926); DeHovitz et al. (1986); Elsdon-Dew and Freedman (1953); Faust et al. (1961); Foner (1939); Herrlich and Liebmann (1943, 1944); Jarpa and Zuolaga (1961); Jeffery (1956a, b, 1958); Kuntz et al. (1958); Levine (1973); Lindsay et al. (1997); Long and Christie (1995); Michiels et al. (1994); Pellerdy (1974); Restrepo et al. (1987); Robin and Fondimare (1960); Wenyon (1923, 1926); Zamen (1967)

4. Isospora natalensis Elsdon-Dew, 1953
   1. Host: Homo sapiens (humans)
   2. References: Dodds and Elsdon-Dew (1955); Elsdon-Dew (1953); Lindsay et al. (1997)
   3. Remarks: This is morphologically indistinguishable from Isospora arctopitheci and probably represents that species

JUNIOR SYNONYMS

1. Eimeria oxyspora Dobell, 1919
   1. Host: Homo sapiens (humans)
   2. Valid name: Eimeria sardinae (Thelohan, 1890) Reichenow, 1921
   3. References: Dobell (1919); Pellerdy (1974)
   4. Note: This is a pseudoparasite of fish origin.

2. Eimeria snijdersi Dobel, 1920
   1. Host: Homo sapiens (humans)
   2. Valid name:Eimeria sardinae (Thelohan, 1890) Reichenow, 1921
   3. References: Dobell (1920); Pellerdy, (1974)
   4. Remarks: This is a pseudoparasite of fish origin.

3. Eimeria wenyoni Dobell, 1919
   1. Host: Homo sapiens (humans)
   2. Valid name: Eimeria clupearum (Thelohan, 1894) Reichenow, 1921
   3. References: Dobell (1919); Pellerdy (1974)
   4. Remarks: This is a pseudoparasite of fish origin.

4. Isospora chilensis Jarpa and Zuolaga, 1963
   1. Valid name: Sarcocystis sp.
   2. Host: Homo sapiens (humans)
   3. References: Jarpa and Zuolaga (1963); Lindsay and Todd (1993); Lindsay et al. (1997)

5. Isospora hominis (Railliet and Lucet, 1891) Wenyon, 1923
   1. Host: Homo sapiens (humans)
   2. Valid name: Sarcocystis hominis (pro parte) and Sarcocystis suihominis, pro parte
   3. References: Lindsay and Todd (1993); Lindsay et al. (1997: Wenyon (1923)

6. Isospora papionis McConnell, de Vos, Basson, and deVos, 1971
   1. Host: Papio ursinus (Chacma baboon)
   2. Valid name: Sarcocystis sp.
   3. References: McConnell et al. (1971, 1972); Lindsay et al. (1997)

7. Isospora scorzai Arcay-de-Peraza, 1967
   1. Host: Cacajo calvus (Uakari monkey)
   2. Valid name: Isospora arctopitheci
   3. References: Arcay-de-Peraza (1967); Hendricks (1974)

8. Isospora sp. Rijpstra, 1967
   1. Host: Pan troglodytes (chimpanzee)
   2. Valid name: Sarcocystis sp.
   3. References: Lindsay and Todd (1993); Lindsay et al. (1997); Rijpstra (1967)

SPECIES INQUIRENDAE (nomen nuda)

1. Eimeria butkai Causey, 1926
   1. Host: Homo sapiens (humans)
   2. Reference: Causey (1926)
   3. Remarks: Almost certainly a misidentification or pseudoparasite

2. Eimeria voinjamensis Bray, 1964
   1. Host: Galagoides demidoff (Demidoff's bush baby)
   2. Reference: Bray (1964)

3. Eimeria sp. Mullin, Colley and Welch, 1975
   1. Host: Nycticebus coucang (slow loris)
   2. Reference: Mullin et al. (1975)

4. Isospora sp. Stuart, Greenspan, Glander and Clarke, 1990
   1. Host: Alouatta palliata palliata (mantled howling monkey)
   2. Reference: Stuart et al. (1990)

References

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